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Ethical Concerns Of Computer Technology - 1440 Words

Ethical Concerns in Computing A journey down the fine line of ethical concerns in computing. However there is a constant change in nature and in technology. Therefore, change creates a difficulty in what specific moral codes are to be followed when viewing the region of computer technology, moreover it is a necessity that ethics be considered when making decisions in this specific region. Computing or in other words the use or operation of computers (Bowles, M. D. 2013). Has created a whole new set of ethical concerns, different in its own way. For example, Software Theft were someone is utilizing software however did not go through proper protocol to do so like paying for it; unauthorized use of hardware or the use of computers to commit fraud, hacking, lacking rights to the product, virus used in the act of sabotage. There are more personal issues as well like making false claims on computer merchandise, responsibility for the reliability of output, and the degradation of work. These concerns engender a new set of ethical questions, such as, does information on individuals stored in a computer constitute an intolerable invasion of privacy? Is copying software without legal rights to the product really a form of stealing or are victimless crime more acceptable than crimes with human casualties. With that said there are questions like these that demand ethical principles to be applied to their resolution because without the consideration of ethics, these gray areas canShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Computer Ethics Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Ethics â€Å"Computer ethics is a branch of applied ethics that considers ethical issues raised or significantly amplified by computer technology.† Moor (2006). Its been stated in several works that computers give people power, which means people have the choice to use this wisely and ethically. While society has benefited from this â€Å"power†, there are still ethical concerns that need attention such as privacy of data, security, reliability of data, intellectual property, and accessibility.Read MoreEthics in Technology Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early years of computers and computerized technology, computer engineers had to believe that their contribution to the development of computer technology would produce positive impacts on the people that would use it. During the infancy of computer technology, ethical issues concerning computer technology were almost nonexistent because computers back then were not as multifaceted as they are today. However, ethical is sues relating to computer technology and cyber technology is undeniable inRead MoreIct Ethics Issues in Malaysia638 Words   |  3 PagesThe development of technology which is getting greater and advance often leads to complex ethical, illegal, and societal issues. Thus there were many ethic centers developed in order to examine the implication of the moral principles into various fields that raise throughout the development of the technology such business ethics, engineering ethics, computer ethics, and medical ethics. Computer ethics or ICT ethics are not so much different of the human ethics, the different is how it is performRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society1410 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is in many ways valuable to our society. It has come a very long way in such a short time. It is growing in such a way that Internet rules are vague and slow to emerge, causing a lot of frustration amongst its users. While many users use technology as it was intended, there a re those who do not. Your typical users use technology for educational, work purposes or just plain entertainment. Then we have those who have malicious intent. In order for these users to commit cyber crimes theyRead MoreThe Invisibility Factor Of Computers1185 Words   |  5 Pages In James Moor’s publication in METAPHILOSOPHY entitled â€Å"What Is Computer Ethics† Moore discusses the fact that the â€Å"invisibility factor of computers presents us with a dilemma.† The invisibility factor relates to the fact that computer operations are often invisible; they can’t be viewed by man (Moore, 1985). To explain this concept, Moore gives the example of a computer programmer. Moore explains that the computer programmer may be aware of what was input and output, he/she may not completelyRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Ethical Issues1351 Words   |  6 PagesRecently technology has become a significant part of society, specifically for the medical field. People in the past have expressed concerns about the security and safety of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) into the medical field. Artificial intelligence is a computer system with human capabilities, such as decision making. Research has shown that AI could increase the efficiency and quality of patient care in the medical field. AI could greatly improve efficiency by using software thatRead MoreNext Came The Third Generation In 1963; In This Generation,1681 Words   |  7 Pages1963; in this generation, the computer became smaller, more influential, and more reliable and it was able to run lots diverse programs at the same time. Transistors were reduced and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which hugely increased the speed and productivity of computers. Also, it s much smaller and cheaper compared to the second generation computers. Because of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of lifeRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Cultures1484 Words   |  6 Pageslimited by information technology advancements. Conversely, in the present time, information technology can be considered a part of every educational institutions, business, and even personal activity. This paper stands to give light to the growing influence of the information technology field and whether the development of a code of ethics would be advisable to focus on the challenges in the usage of information technology. Along with the intensification of information technology use in societies, thereRead MoreEthical Issues Of Securing Data Security1682 Words   |  7 PagesID: F00439850 Assignment: Term Project - Project 3 1. Topic: Data Security 2. Working Title: Ethical issues in Securing Data 3. Thesis Statement: In this paper the primary motive is to provide the ethical issues related to data security. This paper provides the ethical issues facing by the individuals even the security of the applications is so high. 4. Abstract: Ethical issues are the major concern in todays secured data communication and electronic commerce. Though the applications are robustRead MoreBiometrics and Ethics Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesComputer technology brought upon many unexpected ethical issues. When discussing about ethics, we need to talk about the importance of computers and be able to answer questions like: what is the reason for addressing the impact of computers on ethics? In his article â€Å"What is computer ethics?† Dr. James Moor analyzed and elaborated the very question. Dr. Moor begins his article by defining computer ethics. In his words, â€Å"computer ethics is the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer

Modern Management Theories and Practices †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Modern Management Theories and Practices. Answer: Introduction This report outlines the role of the management and leadership in the social and health care. Both the terms are similar in some aspects and both the concepts are very important for the performance of the organization. The management and the leadership are the most widely used concept for the delivery of the social and healthcare services. The main motive of these concepts is to influence the people and manage the people to achieve the goals of the organization. The main purpose of this study is to reflect the role played by the management and leadership in the social care and delivery of the health services and also portrays the different theories and models associated with these concepts. However, there are many traits and theories are associated with the process of the leadership and the most common attributes or traits used by the leaders are determination, intelligence, self confidence, charisma and integrity. Therefore, the leadership and management have a great impact on the o rganizational performance (WHO, 2010). Both the concepts are same in some aspects and different in the case of skills, duties and the behaviors. Both the concepts complement each other. It is the fact that a good managers are good leaders and to become good leaders, a person must have the managerial skills. Management ensures that the all the available resources in the organization are properly utilized or not and apply all the managerial skills and management strategies to achieve the optimum results. A good manager can be a leader to achieve the best output. Therefore, all day to day activities are managed well by the managers in order to produce the desired results. The main attributes that a manager should have are as follows: Perfect organizational skills Have the Clarity of the tasks and mission of the organization Must have the skills to Delegate the authority Must be able to communicate about the expected outcomes and tasks in an effective way. Negotiation of the regulatory processes (Dodson, 2017). Leadership is the quality that a person has to influence others and motivate them to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. A leader sets a vision what they can achieve and builds strategies, how to achieve and also communicate this with the others to reach the goals. Coming to the attributes that a good leader must have are: Creative in nature Flexible Ability to motivate and influence other people Charismatic personality Skills of solving the problems and offering a positive environment for their followers. Role of management in Health care and social care In this report the role of the management and specific functions carried out by the health and social care is going to be discussed. The main role of the management is to build and implement the strategies and controlling the financial resources by properly utilizing the available resources (Hin?ea, et al., 2009). There are many roles and responsibilities that need to be managed by the managers which involves the following roles : Delivery of the health and social care services Proper utilization of the resources that are available in the organization and these resources are the staff, budgets, infrastructure and other information. Managing people, including the patients, staff nurses, partners and other people for the delivery of the quality services. However, management in health and social care is the act of planning, organizing, controlling, delegation of the authorities, monitoring and evaluation of the plans and the implementation of the plans. The management in the health care delegates the various tasks to the employees and train and support them in order to achieve the expected outcomes. Management in the health care departments and social care, organized meetings with the employees. The main purpose of these type meetings is to communicate about the proper messages to the staff about the expectations of the company with them. Moreover, what is to be achieved and how it is to be achieved is also the main part of the meetings in the healthcare (Wick, 2012). Furthermore, a major task in the management is to review the important information and available data with regard to the delivery of services in health and social care. The review of the information and data is to be used to take the best decisions with regard to the improvement and modifications of the services. Financial management is the most important part as to make the best use of the available funds in order to produce the best possible results for the patients and staff. Management theories There are many theories given by the different authors like Taylor, Maslow and Elton Mayo and they share the different aspects in relation to managing the activities in the organizations with the proper utilization of the resources. In this report three main theories are explained in context to the social and health care services (Bartlett, 2010). This theory was introduced by the famous Frederick Taylor, who was an American inventor. All the Scientific as well as the engineering knowledge has been applied by the Taylor for the development of this theory. This theory is applicable in the health and social care as it involves the following principles. In the health care sector, the information and data related to staff, patients are collected, analyze and convert into the mathematical form to complete the tasks. Selection and training of the staff members can make use of the scientific approaches in order to improve the efficiency of the health and social organization. This theory is used or applied when both the science and workers come together in the health and social care organizations to perform simple tasks. Application of the scientific techniques by the management in order to divide the work equally between the workers and managers and to check the tasks performed by them are according to the plans or not (College, 2014). Elton Mayo Theory This theory is based on the building of the human relations by the introduction of the fundamental concepts of the management. According to this theory, the human relations are the best way to achieve the desired goals of the organizations. In the case of health and social care, relations with the supervisor and relations with the patients are playing the effective role to improve the performance of the organization as well as to achieve the expected results (NMIMS, 2012). Most of the health and social care organizations are linked with the national health system of the district. However, all the activities in the health care sector are performed with the permission of the district, which includes the procurement of drugs, human resource management activities, technical support and infrastructure support. Therefore, in the healthcare sector, all the managers must have the good level of communication and the ensure the optimal supervision. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the district managers to communicate about the new policies and the tools of the management to the local facility managers for the purpose of the compliance. However, the relationship between the district managers and local managers is the key to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health systems (Olum, 2004). According to the Elton Mayo theory, the building of the human relations is the most important factors as the organizations have the main purpose is to gain the competitive advantage via client satisfaction and similarly in the health system, the patient satisfaction is the main motive of the management teams. This is the reason that all the staff members like nurses, doctors need proper training to understand the rights and the needs of the patients. According to the Maslow theory of the management, it is very important to understand the needs of the people in order to manage all the actions accordingly. Therefore, in the health and social care services, it is very important to understand the basic, physical and psychological needs of the patients. The management team in the health and social care system can take the better decisions regarding the treatment options, behavior and their level of satisfaction to improve the status of the health (Groth, 2013). Therefore, all the management theories help the staff members understand the following roles such as: Avoid participating in the risky and negative behavior To know healthy lifestyle Always ready to face the problems Motivation for the patients and make them happy with the positive working environment Role of the leadership theory in Health and social care Leadership is a very significant part of human personality. The main function of the leader is to communicate with the other personalities and motivates them to improve their efficiencies. Providing directions to the team is the main task of the good leaders and these directions of the leader helps the team to achieve the future goals and objectives. Leadership is the quality that a person has to influence others and motivate them to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. A leader sets a vision what they can achieve and builds strategies, how to achieve and also communicate this with the others to reach the goals. The good leaders always make strategies to achieve the goals and manage the good relations with the people. As a leader, it is very important to think out of the box and always choose the best option among the number of the alternatives to make the right decisions. Being a leader, it is very important to have some qualities in the personality to lead and inspire o thers (Lawrence Steck, 1991). As in the above management theories, it has been analyzed that the more emphasis is given to the employees and their needs as well as to provide them the informal environment. For all these activities, an organization needs a good leader and communication approaches to understand the needs of the employees for the improvement of the performance of the employees. Talking about the leadership styles first, then there are many styles adopted by the leaders to control the organizational activities and these styles are directive, participative, transformational and autocratic, etc. In the context to the health and social care, it is very important that the leaders understand the nature of the organization and work accordingly with the coordination of nurses, administrators, physicians and other members of the organizations. It is analyzed that for the smooth working of the health and social organizations, there should be a proper and effective leadership. According to the point of view of the Bass, leadership is defined as the interaction and relationship between the two people where one person can follow the other for the successful achievement of the desired goals. There are many healthcare and social organizations who are spending the large amount of money on the infrastructure of the health care system to provide the quality services and social services to the people of the country. It has been observed that the overall performance of the organization is largely affected by the behavior of the leaders with its followers. The negative role of the leaders in the health and social care organizations leads to the downfall of the organization (Sharma Jain, 2013). There are various leadership theories are available, out of which the Transformational and Transactional theories gained the popularity in the field of the health and social care organizations and these are going to be explained as below: Transactional leadership theory This leadership theory is very popular in the health care organizations because this theory is based on leading followers by the way of the management position in the hierarchy of the organization. Moreover, this is also based on the motivational theory concepts as it involves the exchange of the rewards and targets between the managers and the employees. This theory basically identifies the needs of the followers and then try to motivate them thorough the reward systems. In the health and social care organizations, it is also applicable because it involves the giving attention to the health of the local population to achieve the goals of the organization. As per the point of view of the Bass in the year 2006, this transactional theory is helpful in the health and social care organization to main the equilibrium level by performing their roles and the enhancing the employees performance by offering them the attractive incentives and rewards. Therefore, the leaders set up the goals, use the directive leadership style to guide the employees and offer them rewards to motivate them so that they can perform better towards the achievement of the organizational goals (Bolden, et al., 2003). Transformational leadership theory This leadership theory focuses on the needs of the employees and the development of the employee that may help to transform the organizational performances. This theory is very useful for the healthcare organizations, because it transforms the performance of the employees in order to achieve the goals of the health and social care organizations. Transformational leadership is defined by the Burnes as a process where one person can engage the other person in such a way that to influence that person for the better performance. According to this theory, leadership motivates the staff members by understanding their needs and making them aware about the organizational expectations from them and about the mission of the company. This theory is considered to be more beneficial in comparison to the transactional as it involves the overall transformation of the employees without any rewards. This leadership style also promote the creativity among the followers as they come up with the new ide as in the organization. Moreover, this theory is beneficial in the improving the healthcare services and raise the standards of care and treatment which is good for the healthcare organizations (Team, 2015). There are six leadership processes involves in the transformation leadership and these are as follows: Development of the vision Communication and inspire others Importance to the values Facing challenges Development of the trust Enabling Synthesize leadership and management theories Management ensures that the all the available resources in the organization are properly utilized or not and apply all the managerial skills and management strategies to achieve the optimum results. A good manager can be a leader to achieve the best output. Therefore, all day to day activities are managed well by the managers in order to produce the desired results. Taylors Theory: Frederick Taylor was an American inventor who gave the theory of the scientific management. The Taylor applied all his scientific knowledge as well as engineering knowledge to the management in order to develop this theory. According to this theory, the engineering and scientific principles can be applied in the system to avoid the waste and to improve the production methods and fair distribution of the goods. Taylors theory of the scientific management is applied in all the manufacturing firms as the principles of the theory are helpful in production planning, quality control, design and distribution of the goods, etc. Maslow Theory: Maslows theory is very useful from the management perspective as it is a motivational theory that describes the hierarchy of the five different needs of the human beings. According to the view of the Maslow, the best way to motivate the employees is to understand their needs and fulfill them. The theory given Maslow revealed the hierarchy of needs which includes physiological, safety, psychological needs, self esteem and self actualization needs. All these are related to the basic needs, luxurious needs, mental or psychological needs of the human beings. Every employee in the organization always expects appreciation and money for their work (Ololube, 2015). Elton Mayo Theory: This theory is based on the building of the human relations by the introduction of the fundamental concepts of the management. According to this theory, the human relations are the best way to achieve the desired goals of the organizations. In the case of health and social care, relations with the supervisor and relations with the patients are playing the effective role to improve the performance of the organization as well as to achieve the expected results. Leadership styles or theories In the management theories, it has been analyzed that the more emphasis is given to the employees and their needs as well as to provide them the informal environment. For all these activities, an organization needs a good leader and communication approaches to understand the needs of the employees for the improvement of the performance of the employees. Talking about the leadership styles first, then there are many styles adopted by the leaders to control the organizational activities and these styles are directive, participative, transformational and autocratic, etc. In the context to the health and social care, it is very important that the leaders understand the nature of the organization and work accordingly with the coordination of nurses, administrators, physicians and other members of the organizations. It is analyzed that for the smooth working of the health and social organizations, there should be a proper and effective leadership (University, 2014). Talking about the leadership styles first, then there are many styles adopted by the leaders to control the organizational activities and these styles are explained as follows: Autocratic: According to this style, a leader put more emphasis on the performance of the organization and a low emphasis on people. In this case, the manager involvement is more and he holds the discretionary power in their hands. These leaders took the decisions on their own and do not take the advice of the employees. Laissez- faire: This style is totally opposite of the Autocratic style as this style gives more importance to the employees rather than the overall performance of the company. This leadership style focused more on to hire those employees who are highly experienced and trained in their field and they do not require any supervision. Transactional: this leadership style is based on the motivational theory concepts as it involves the exchange of the rewards and targets between the managers and the employees. Participative: This is the democratic style of the leadership as the company gave the importance to the employees work and their suggestions. The employees feel motivated when their participation is considered as the important part of the decision making process. Transformational: This leadership style focuses on the needs of the employees and the development of the employee that may help to transform the organizational performances (Nanjundeswaraswamy, 2014). In short the, leadership and management are the most important part of each organization as it is the key to success of the health as well as social care organizations. In the above, the role played by the leaders and managers has been discussed and it is clear from the above analysis that the achievement of the goals and objectives of the organizations is not possible without the leadership and management activities. A good manager and leader must have all the abilities and skills to solve the problems in organizations and have the required skills to influence the other employees in order to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. Conclusion This report outlines the role of the management and leadership in the social and health care. Both the terms are similar in some aspects and both the concepts are very important for the performance of the organization. The management and the leadership are the most widely used concept for the delivery of the social and healthcare services. The main motive of these concepts is to influence the people and manage the people to achieve the goals of the organization. The main purpose of this study is to reflect the role played by the management and leadership in the social care and delivery of the health services and also portrays the different theories and models associated with these concepts. However, there are many traits and theories are associated with the process of the leadership and the most common attributes or traits used by the leaders are determination, intelligence, self confidence, charisma and integrity. Therefore, the leadership and management have a great impact on the o rganizational performance. At the end, this report is concluded that the employees are the most precious thing in the organization and it is very important to understand their needs. The communication and leadership are the most important concepts that are helpful to improve the performance of the employees in order to achieve the objectives of the organization. In the above report, all the management theories and the communication and leadership approaches are analyzed in order to understand the application of these approaches in the real life. References Bartlett, J., 2010. Theories of leadership and management, Available at: https://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763749761/49761_PT01_Clark.pdf Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A. Dennison, P., 2003. A review of leadership theory and competency frameworks, Available at: https://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/docentes/luisrodrigues/textos/Lideran%C3%A7a.pdf College, C., 2014. General Theories of Management, Available at: https://www.colbournecollege.com/files/BA_103_Lesson_FOUR.pdf Dodson, D., 2017. Whats the Best Leadership Style for Healthcare?, Available at: https://nchica.org/whats-the-best-leadership-style-for-healthcare/ Groth, L., 2013. Overview of theories on organization and management, Available at: https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/INF5890/v13/material-to-download/lecture-presentations/Feb_6_organization-and-management-theories/overview-of-theories-on-organizations-and-management-inf5890-v2013.pdf Hin?ea, C., Mora, C. ?iclau, T., 2009. Leadership and management in the health care system, Available at: https://www.apubb.ro/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/LEADERSHIP-AND-MANAGEMENT-IN-THE-HEALTH.pdf Lawrence, J. Steck, E., 1991. Overview of management theory, Available at: https://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a235762.pdf Nanjundeswaraswamy, T., 2014. Leadership styles. Advances In Management, 7(2), pp. 1-7. NMIMS, 2012. Management theory and practice, Available at: https://distance.nmims.edu/uploads/docs/samples/management-theory-and-practice-eBook.pdf Ololube, N., 2015. A Review of Leadership Theories, Principles and Styles and Their Relevance to Educational management. pp. 1-10, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nwachukwu_Prince_Ololube/publication/283081945_A_Review_of_Leadership_Theories_Principles_and_Styles_and_Their_Relevance_to_Educational_Management/links/56292c3408ae04c2aeaee901/A-Review-of-Leadership-Theories-Principles-and-Styles-and-Their-Relevance-to-Educational-Management.pdf Olum, Y., 2004. Modern management theories and practices, Available at: https://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/AAPAM/UNPAN025765.pdf Sharma, M. Jain, S., 2013. Leadership Management: Principles, Models and Theories. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies., 3(3), pp. 309-318. Team, F., 2015. Leadership theories, Available at: https://www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-leadership-theories.pdf University, P., 2014. Leadership theories and models, Available at: https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/25691/04chapter4.pdf?sequence=5 WHO, 2010. Leadership and management, Available at: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/imai/om_10_leadership_management.pdf Wick, E., 2012. Leadership and Management, Available at: https://www.ache.org/pubs/Evashwickchap1.pdf

The South African Regime From 1910 Through 1994 Essays -

The South African Regime From 1910 Through 1994 The South Africa which was born in 1910 included people from Africa, Europe and Asia, and the system of government was modeled on the common law of the Netherlands, supplemented by modern English law. In many respects, this new country was a compromise. It would acquire two official languages (Afrikaans and English); three capitals (an administrative capital, Pretoria; a legislative capital, Cape Town and a judicial capital, Bloemfontein); and the symbols of the state would reflect the union of Afrikaans and English-speaking whites. While the new state had a democratic form, with a few controversial exceptions, only whites enjoyed the vote. For virtually the whole of its history therefore, politics has been practiced on a whites only basis. Therefore, when looking closely at the system and attempting to place the government in a category, I would create a new category summarized as a selectively democratic regime. White interests obviously shaped public policy. Spending on areas like education, pensions, health and housing, has greatly favored whites, who were clearly the major beneficiaries of the system. In addition, discrimination and injustice inflicted upon black South Africans have largely shaped the present political system. Black South Africans played virtually no part in the founding of the Union of South Africa. This was to be the start of a long and inspiring resistance to minority political rule that culminated some 85 years later in South Africas first truly democratic elections. Political protest began in 1909 when a delegation of blacks unsuccessfully petitioned the British parliament against approving the countrys independence constitution with its color bar. Some two years later in 1912, the largest black political organization, the African National Congress was founded. Blacks pursued moderate goals during the 1920s and 1930s and were then largely reliant on white liberals to achieve their aims. The basis for racial segregation, the offshoot of the policy of self-determination was the Population Registration Act of 1950. What followed was a now infamous collection of apartheid legislation that sought to segregate whites, coloreds, blacks and Asians from each other in all spheres of life and activity. Black resistance to apartheid was encouraged by an increasingly critical United Nations, the birth of the civil rights movement in the United States and the growing pressures for de-colonization and independence in the former European colonies of Africa and Asia. Rather than give in to increasing pressure, the Verwoerd government responded by accelerating the homeland policy in terms of which black South Africans were denied citizenship of white areas and were expected to exercise their political rights in designated traditional tribal areas. By 1970, in terms of a law, every South African black became a citizen of one of the ten homelands thereby excluding blacks from the South African body politics. This maintains the democratic regime of South Africa for the white citizens, and forces the black citizens out of any political realm. Afrikaner Nationalists had devised apartheid in a way of satisfying black aspirations without loosing political control. It was a response that failed for economic reasons. Given the nature of the economy, the natural movement of people to the cities could not be stopped, and in due course the major pillars of apartheid had to be scrapped. In 1983, Botha introduced a new constitution, which would incorporate the colored and Asian communities into government but only on a junior partner basis to whites. Blacks were totally excluded. To address the issue of black political rights, Botha suggested a national advisory council. Blacks rejected this idea and participation in the elections to fill the new colored and Indian chambers of parliament was bitterly opposed. The introduction of the Tri-cameral parliament, with its three chambers for whites, colors, and Asians, greatly politicized the colored and Indian community. Not only was the new system opposed for its exclusion of blacks, it also was condemned for the way it institutionalized racial groups within the constitution of the country. So, although it manages to maintain a certain skeleton of a democratic regime, this government only applies to certain individuals in the nation, therefore not truly following the democratic ideology. Botha himself probably accepted this, but believed that he could maintain white control

Guy de Chauliac - Influential 14th-Century Physician

Guy de Chauliac - Influential 14th-Century Physician This profile of Guy de Chauliac is part ofWhos Who in Medieval History   Guy de Chauliac was also known as: Guido de Cauliaco or Guigo de Cauliaco  (in Italian); also spelled  Guy de Chaulhac Guy de Chauliac was known for: Being one of the most influential physicians of the Middle Ages. Guy de Chauliac wrote an important work on surgery that would serve as the standard text for more than 300 years.   Occupations: PhysicianClericWriter Places of Residence and Influence: FranceItaly Important Dates: Born:  c. 1300Died:  July 25, 1368 About Guy de Chauliac: Born to a family of limited means in Auvergne, France, Guy was bright enough to be recognized for his intellect and was sponsored in his academic pursuits by the lords of Mercoeur. He began his studies at Toulouse, then moved on to the much-respected University of Montpellier, where he received his magister in medicina (masters degree in medicine) under the tutelage of Raymond de Moleriis in a program that required six years of study. Some time later Guy moved on to the oldest university in Europe, the University of Bologna, which had already built a reputation for its medical school. At Bologna he appears to have perfected his understanding of anatomy, and he may have learned from some of the best surgeons of the day, though he never identified them in his writing as he did his medical professors. Upon leaving Bologna, Guy spent some time in Paris before moving on to Lyons. In addition to his medical studies, Guy took holy orders, and in Lyons he became a canon at St. Just. He spent about a decade at Lyons practicing medicine before moving to Avignon, where the popes were residing at that time. Some time after May, 1342, Guy was appointed by Pope Clement VI as his private physician. He would attend the pontiff during the horrific Black Death that came to France in 1348, and though a third of the cardinals at Avignon would perish from the disease, Clement survived. Guy would later use his experience of surviving the plague and attending its victims in his writings. Guy spent the rest of his days in Avignon. He stayed on as physician for Clements successors, Innocent VI and Urban V, earning an appointment as a papal clerk. He also became acquainted with Petrarch. Guys position in Avignon afforded him unparalleled access to an extensive library of medical texts that were available nowhere else. He also had access to the most current scholarship being conducted in Europe, which he would incorporate into his own work. Guy de Chauliac died in Avignon on July 25, 1368. The Chirurgia magna of Guy de Chauliac The works of Guy de Chauliac are considered among the most influential medical texts of the Middle Ages. His most significant book is Inventarium seu collectorium in parte cyrurgicali medicine, called by later editors Chirurgia magna and sometimes referred to simply as Chirurgia. Completed in 1363, this inventory of surgical medicine pulled together medical knowledge from about a hundred earlier scholars, including ancient and Arabic sources, and cites their works more than 3,500 times.   In Chirurgia, Guy included a brief history of surgery and medicine and provided a discourse on what he thought every surgeon should know about diet, surgical implements, and how an operation should be conducted. He also discussed and evaluated his contemporaries, and related much of his theory to his own personal observations and history, which is how we know most of what we do about his life.   The work itself is divided into seven treatises: anatomy, apostemes (swellings and abscesses), wounds, ulcers, fractures, other diseases and the complements to surgery (the use of drugs, bloodletting, therapeutic cauterization, etc.). All in all, it covers nearly every condition a surgeon might be called upon to deal with. Guy emphasized the importance of medical treatment, including diet, drugs, and the application of substances, reserving surgery as a last resort.   Chirurgia magna contains a description of a narcotic inhalation to use as a soporific for patients undergoing surgery. Guys observations of the plague included an elucidation of two different manifestations of the disease, making him the first to distinguish between pneumonic and bubonic forms. Although he has sometimes been criticized for advocating too much interference with the natural progression of the healing of wounds, Guy de Chauliacs work was otherwise groundbreaking and extraordinarily progressive for its time. The Influence of Guy de Chauliac on Surgery Throughout the Middle Ages, the disciplines of medicine and surgery had evolved almost independently of one another. Physicians were regarded as serving the general health of the patient, tending to his diet and the illnesses of his internal systems. Surgeons were considered to deal with external matters, from amputating a limb to cutting hair. In the early 13th century, surgical literature began to emerge, as surgeons sought to emulate their medical colleagues and raise their profession to one of comparable esteem. Guy de Chauliacs Chirurgia was the first book on surgery to bring to bear a substantial medical background. He vehemently advocated that surgery should be founded on an understanding of anatomy for, unfortunately, many surgeons of the past had known next to nothing of the particulars of the human body and had merely applied their skills to the ailment in question as they saw fit, a practice that had earned them a reputation as butchers. For Guy, an extensive understanding of how the human body worked was far more important for the surgeon than manual skill or experience. As surgeons were beginning to come to this conclusion, as well, Chirurgia magna began to serve as a standard text on the subject. More and more, surgeons studied medicine before applying their arts, and the disciplines of medicine and surgery began to merge. By 1500, Chirurgia magna had been translated from its original Latin into English, Dutch, French, Hebrew, Italian and Provenà §al. It was still regarded as an authoritative source on surgery as late as the seventeenth century.   More Guy de Chauliac Resources: Guy de Chauliac in Print The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. The visit merchant link  will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links. The Major Surgery of Guy de Chauliactranslated by Leonard D. RosenmanInventarium Sive Chirurgia Magna: Text(Studies in Ancient Medicine , No 14, Vol 1) (Latin Edition)edited and with an introduction by Michael R. McVaughVisit merchant Guy de Chauliac on the Web Chauliac, Guy DeExtensive entry from the  Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography includes a useful bibliography. Made available at Encyclopedia.com. Medieval Health Medicine   Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2014-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell.The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/gwho/fl/Guy-de-Chauliac.htm

International Competitive Status and Cross Culture Management of Essay

International Competitive Status and Cross Culture Management of Revlon Inc - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Revlon Inc.’s market share for cosmetics has dropped since 1998, and the company showed only one quarter as profitable from the last 8 years. The company’s growth started suffering in the 90s when the entire cosmetic industry sale to the retailers declined due to heavy competition. It is observed that the global cosmetic industry has been experiencing constant growth from 2009, but fall down in 2013. Revlon Inc.’s profits and income signifies that the company growth has been unstable. Revlon Inc. has developed its reputation in the cosmetic industry in areas like fragrance, skin care, and personal care. The company is also looking forward to business growth and various beneficial opportunities. The company’s data has given sufficient proof that in the near future, Revlon Inc. will grow positively and it will become the most valuable company as it was before. It is observed that company focus too much on profit ability in personal care products; they should also support corporate social responsibility by sponsoring events for woman’s health issues. The decision for choosing Revlon Inc. was a rationale for the rise and fall of cosmetic industry came into knowledge. The cosmetic industries sale and distribution are spread among various different countries. There are huge competitors in this industry and Revlon Inc. plays an important part in this competition. They compete with the competitors in terms of net income, goodwill, brand name, social responsibility etc. Revlon Inc. in all these categories has played a very important role and at the same time, the company has ensured for constant growth and survival in the industry.

International business news Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

International business news - Article Example Low economic growth in US will affect interest rates and exports earnings (CBC 2012). On the other hand, the problem of the emerging markets like china is inflation. Canada should therefore review its policies and increase its trading with the emerging markets to record stable performance and fiscal performance. The article also further explains the impact of fiscal slippage on interests rates. Canada must thus ensure that it shields its financial market from the risk of recording increasing interest rates as this would reduce rate of investment and reduce economic performance. The lack of fiscal stability in the developed nations would affect other economies. The final section of the article contains the how Canada should enter into trading partnership with the growing economies. Canada’s share of exports to these emerging markets has reduced by 50% and this calls for urgent need to increase its exports to exploit the growing demand (CBC 2012). The article recommends that Canada require concerted efforts to develop trade with the emerging economies to maintain its fiscal stability and earnings from efforts. Canada business should also improve on the competitiveness; look for new suppliers in order to maintain stability in the volatile economy. In summary, the article raises concern over the increasing fiscal instability of the leading economies on Canada economic stability and recommends increased trading with the emerging markets. High global debt will impact Canada: Carney - Business - CBC News. (n.d.). CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. Retrieved March 21, 2012, from